ABSTRACT
COVID-19 is a viral respiratory infection caused by SARS-CoV-2. The immune system plays a pivotal role in disease resolution but can also be detrimental to the clinical outcome in case of unbalanced immune activation. In this study, we have focused on the parallel expression of IL-6, a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine, and IL-10, an important regulator of the immune response, in COVID-19 patients. Using bead-based multiplex immunoassay technology we compared the serum levels of IL-6 and IL-10 in 47 COVID-19 patients with mild, moderate, or severe disease. The serum concentrations of both cytokines were significantly elevated in patients with severe COVID-19, and there was a significant positive correlation between IL-6 and IL-10 in the moderate and severe groups (R=0.6;p< 0.001). Our observations support that IL-6 is one of the driving forces for the cytokine release syndrome in COVID-19 while the immunosuppressive properties of IL-10 in severe disease act as a hindrance to viral clearance.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To investigate correlation between expression level and tumor proliferation and invasiveness of the serum miR-101, heat shock protein-70 (HSP-70) and interleukin-1beta (Interleukin-1beta, IL-1beta) in patients with gastric cancer complicated by Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection.
ABSTRACT
Background: Hesperidin is a secondary metabolite of the flavonoid group. Due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-viral properties, it can be helpful as a treatment option for patients with COVID 19. Methods: This study was conducted as a clinical trial in Masih Daneshvari Hospital in Tehran. After providing complete explanations and obtaining written consent, patients with new coronavirus (COVID-19) were included in the study if they met the inclusion criteria. 20 patients with the new coronavirus (COVID-19) were included in the study. Patients were then randomly divided into hesperidin and control groups. Patients in the hesperidin group received 1 mg of hesperidin orally intravenously every 6 hours for 5 days, whereas in the control group, they did not. Then, the desired variables were measured during the research period. Patients were monitored for adverse drug reactions based on clinical symptoms and signs. The results were evaluated with regard to the design of the questionnaire and its completion using t-test and SPSS16 software. Results: Patients with equal gender ratio were studied and diabetes mellitus with a prevalence of 60% had the highest prevalence among patients. On the other hand, 85% of these patients presented with bilateral lung involvement. Using hesperidin decreased lymphocytes, CRP, ESR, LDH, D-dimer, and IL-6 and increased WBC, Hb and Plt. None of the mentioned changes were significant (p>0.05). Conclusion: Utilizing hesperidin could not cause significant changes in the level of immunological and inflammatory factors in patients with COVID 19. © 2022 by the Author(s).
ABSTRACT
Objective: To explore the differences in clinical characteristics between children and adults with COVID-19. Methods The epidemiological characteristics, clinical symptoms, laboratory results, imaging results and treatment regimens of 37 adult and 10 children cases of COVID-19 were analyzed. Results Family clusters were more common in the adult group, while all children cases were caused by intra-family transmission. The adult group had a significantly higher incidence of symptoms such as fever, cough, pharyngeal pain(pharyngeal itch)and fatigue(muscle soreness)than the children group(P < 0.05), while there is no difference in symptoms like chest tightness and chest pain. The children group had a higher rate of non-changing pulmonary imaging than the adult group(P < 0.05). The children group had higher increase of myocardial enzyme than the adult group(P < 0.05), while there were no differences in the increases of liver enzyme, myoglobin and troponin. The children group had lower increase of CRP, IL-6 and SAA than the adult group(P < 0.05), while there were no significant differences in the increase of PCT and decreases of leukocyte and lymphocyte counts. The treatment regimen for the children group was simpler than that for the adults. Conclusion Intra-family transmission is the main way for children to catch COVID-19. Compared with adults, children have milder clinical symptoms, milder CT lesions, no obvious liver and myocardial damage, and no significant changes in inflammatory indicators.
ABSTRACT
The SARS-CoV-2 virus is a virus that emerged in late 2019 and has yet to find a cure. On the other hand, the incidence of cervical cancer in women continues to increase along with the emergence of cases of COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2. Based on WHO data in 2020 stated that there were 107 per 72,314 cancer patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Meniran (Phyllanthus niruri L.) is a herbaceous plant in Indonesia that has secondary metabolites derived from the tannin group, such as corilagin. This compound has the potential to be developed as an antiviral and anticancer agent. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the potential of corilagin in meniran herbs to act as an antiviral SARS-CoV-2 and cervical anticancer compared to the drug compounds molnupiravir and paclitaxel through the STITCH & STRING bioinformatics in silico test and molecular docking method. The results of the bioinformatics test of corilagin against the SARS-CoV-2 virus showed predictions of high protein binding to AGTR2 and ENPEP with a docking score of -10.9 and -9.9 kcal/mol, respectively. Meanwhile, cervical cancer cells showed the highest predicted protein binding to IL-10 and MAPK3 with a docking score of -10.5 and -10.8 kcal/mol. The docking score of molnupiravir against the COVID-19 virus protein, AGTR2, and ENPEP were -7.4 and -7.2 kcal/mol, respectively. The docking scores of paclitaxel for IL10 and MAPK3 were -8.2 and -8.9 kcal/mol, respectively. These values indicate that the activity of corilagin with proteins AGTR2, ENPEP, IL10, and MAPK3 has stronger affinity energy than the comparison drugs molnupiravir and paclitaxel. Thus, the corilagin compound from the tannin group in meniran (Phyllanthus niruri L.) has the potential to be developed and formulated as a treatment and prevention of SARS-CoV-2 antiviral and cervical anticancer.
ABSTRACT
This special issue contains five review articles based on the talks at the Japanese Society for Immunology held online-only on 8 December 2020 and focused on the topic 'COVID-19 and Immunity'. Topics covered include: immune responses against SARS-CoV-2;the role of IL-6 in the cytokine storm;the development of COVID-19 vaccines;the immunogenicity and safety of COVID-19 vaccines;and changes to chromatin structure during virus infections.
ABSTRACT
Background & Aims: Beginning in 2020, a deadly disease called COVID-19 spread throughout the world, plunging all countries into a viral infection. Viral infections are naturally associated with upper respiratory tract infections, which are commonly reported with fever, headache, and cough. COVID-19 virus can infect a person's respiratory system and lungs, eventually leading to death. The virus can first activate and infect macrophages. Macrophages then transfer COVID 19 to T cells and make them weak. In addition, by weakening T cells, T cell subsets are activated to increase cytokines to enhance the immune response. T cells, CD4 + T cells and CD8 + T cells play an important antiviral role in the body. It is noteworthy that CD4 + T cells in the body produce T cell-dependent (B) cells to increase virus-specific antibodies. On the other hand, CD8 + T cells are a toxic cell and can kill virus-infected cells. Most published studies have focused on the effect of aerobic exercise on immune system function. Recent studies have shown that tai chi and yoga exercises can also be beneficial for immune system function. Exercise has long been known as an important modulator of inflammatory processes. Exercise can apparently have both tonic and suppressive effects on the immune system. The effect of exercise on innate and acquired safety parameters depends on the intensity, load and duration of exercise. As the severity increases, immune function and ultimately the risk of infection increase. These risks depend on immune system regulators (genetics, nutritional status, psychological stress, circadian rhythms), environmental stressors (extreme temperatures, airway irritants) that increase inflammation. In response to exercise, immune cells grow, proliferate, and produce molecules such as cytokines and cytotoxic granules. Prolonged exercise, at least in healthy individuals, appears to reduce basal inflammatory status by reducing the circulation of inflammatory cytokines. Regular periods of short-term training (i.e., up to 45 minutes) with moderate intensity boost the immune system (increase T cells) while frequent periods of long-term high-intensity training (> 2 hours) can suppress the immune system. Acute exercise, even in healthy individuals, leads to a strong inflammatory response that is mediated by leukocyte mobilization (even for short periods of 6 minutes) and increases potent inflammatory mediators such as TNF-a, IL-1. The effect of increasing aerobic capacity on improving lung function and preventing lung injury can be summarized in four mechanisms. The first mechanism of aerobic exercise can prevent the suppression of the immune system by affecting the immune system and increase anti-inflammatory factors. The second mechanism contains the role of aerobic capacity in restoring the elasticity of lung tissue to normal and increasing the strength and endurance of the respiratory muscles, which helps increase ventilation, and reduce lung damage. The third mechanism includes the role of aerobic capacity as an antioxidant to limit the production of free radicals and oxidative damage. The fourth mechanism involves the role of aerobic capacity in reducing cough and clearing the airways by improving pulmonary safety and autonomic modulation.
ABSTRACT
Worldwide, the study shows that breast cancer is one of the major cancer responsible for women death. All the effective therapies - immune-modulator therapy, chemo-radiation and cell targeted therapies can worsen the body immune system which majorly affects the lungs and these women with weak immune system and bronchi problems are more susceptible to major complications if they are exposed to COVID-19. In start of pandemic, it was difficult for healthcare system to manage the surgeries, scans and therapies of cancer patients without let them exposed to SARCoV-2, leads to delay in their treatment which can even more worsen condition for the patient. SARCoV-2 triggers the IL-6 release by the formation of neutrophil extracellular trap which can increase the complications in the breast cancer patient as well as it can also reactivate the relapsed dormant breast cancer cells. So, after seeing the condition of patients doctors decided that they can treat the patients by taking all measuring safety precautions during the admission to the hospital and found Anti-IL-6 receptor (tocilizumab) neutrophils inhibitor (alvestat) and JAK1/JAK2 inhibitors (baricitinib) effective and vaccines are also available in international market considering them safe and efficient for patient with breast cancer history or maybe undergoing in treatment.
ABSTRACT
The pathogen that causes coronavirus disease in 2019 is the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) (COVID-19). COVID-19 has claimed the lives of 347,192 people worldwide as of May 25, 2020. According to the latest research, extremely unwell patients have a higher concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6 than those who are moderately ill. In COVID-19, the high amount of cytokines also suggests a poor prognosis. Increasing evidence suggests that the "cytokine storm" may play a role in COVID-19 mortality. The clinical and pathologic aspects of the cytokine storm in COVID-19 are summarized here. SARS-Cov-2 specifically produces a high level of IL-6 and causes lymphocyte exhaustion, according to our findings. This study aims to show the effect of high immune response In patients of COVID19 that lead to what is called cytokine storm this storm must be prevented by inhibiting IL-6 to be more controlled cases.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To investigate the clinical features of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Delta variant infection and abnormal liver function in Guangdong Province, China.
ABSTRACT
Introduction and Aim: Various hematological and biochemical parameters are assessed as biomarkers of COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2. In this study, efforts were made to identify the correlation of cytokines (IL-6, TNF-a, IL-1a, and IL-1beta) with the liver function enzyme markers, LDH, CRP, Ferritin, and D-dimer. We also assessed the correlation of cytokines with severity of COVID-19. Materials and Methods: We analyzed 53 serum samples of RT-PCR-positive patients admitted to the hospital. Cytokines (IL-6, TNF-a, IL-1a, and IL-1..) were analyzed with sandwich ELISA. The levels of cytokines were compared between mild, moderate, and severe cases of COVID-19, and the correlation among cytokines, liver function marker enzymes, LDH, CRP, D-dimer, and ferritin were analyzed.
ABSTRACT
Background: As of 20th November 2021, 29.1% (40.1 crore) of the population has been completely vaccinated while 55.6% (76.6 crore) of the population have received at least one dose of vaccine. Infection despite vaccination (vaccine breakthrough) has been reported, but characteristics of these infection regarding clinico demographic profile, severity of disease and mortality in the fully vaccinated, partially vaccinated and non-vaccinated groups are not well described;during the second Covid-19 wave in India from April to June 2021 when the highly transmissible delta variant predominated.
ABSTRACT
The world is facing an unprecedented crises with the advent and spread of COVID-19. Fortunately children are less affected. Diagnosis begins with identifying the right suspect which in turn depends on local prevalence of infection and contact history. In high burden areas any acute illness with or without fever can be COVID-19. The gold standard for diagnosis is RT-PCR in respiratory specimen. Correct collection and transport of specimen is important. Since the sensitivity of RT-PCR is at best 70%, a negative test does not rule out the diagnosis. Sick children may have lymphopenia and elevated CRP, D-dimer, ferritin, CPK, LDH, IL-6. CT chest is more sensitive than CXR and may be abnormal even in those who are asymptomatic or have mild symptoms. The role of serologic tests in children at this time is limited to diagnosis of pediatric multi system inflammatory syndrome.
ABSTRACT
This special issue contains 16 papers on COVID-19 including topics on diagnosis, treatment, immunological factors,breastfeeding, epidemiology, psychology, regulations and mortality.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To analyze clinical features of cured patients with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19), and summarize experience, in order to guide epidemic prevention work.